CONNECTING A SENSOR

You can build sensor or simply you can buy a sensor from market. There are many company on internet that provide you different sensors. Omega, Honeywell, Dantec and so many company are of that type. These company also provide you proper information to implement your sensor projects.

A resistive sensor is connected in bridge circuits (Like ordinary Wheston Bridge).If the sensor is of capacitive
or inductive type then appropriate filter circuit is to be connected.

Optical sensor are some difficult devices to implement but some smart kit in market now made it simple.

For a biginner in electronics hobbist often make wrong in implementing bridge circuit. As it is for measurement we need resistance with lower tolerance and value should be precise. temperature drift cause resistance to vary and the measurement may not correct.

Good resistance are made of metal film or wire wound and some company like VISHY ,ROSEMOUNT   supply them. Surface mount resistance resistance are available which have higher stability.  
You must have a computer and this machine have some ports. Obviously these ports are the way to get in or get out from your computer. I mean it is not you but the signals you need to transfer to other system or import from other  devices like a pendrive printer a bluetooth an ISP for microcontroller  a modem for internate connection
every thing need a port to connect with PC.

The computer have PS2 port for connecting mouse keyboard.
VGA port to connect monitor. There also HD port for monitors with high defination picture.
RJ45 port for LAN connection.
SPDIF port for hi-definition sound system.
SERIAL port which have some versatility with 9 pins to connect with printer or modem or fax machine.
PARALLEL port to connect with printer. These port are about to obsolete today as USB port replacing all other kind of port with its flexibility and ease of use.